Is An Animals Skin Made Up Of Cells

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Structural Organisation in Animals form 11 Notes Biology

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CBSE Form-11 Biology
Chapter-07
Structural Organisation in Animals class 11 Notes Biological science

In multicellular organism a group of like cells along with intercellular substances perform a specific function. Such organisation is called tissue.

Epithelial Tissue: This tissue provides covering or lining for some part of the body. Cells are compactly packed without intercellular infinite.

Simple epithelium is composed of single layer of cells and role every bit lining of torso cavities, ducts and tubes.
The chemical compound epithelium consists of ii or more ii layers of cells and has protective function.
The squamous epithelium is made up of single layer of flattened cells with irregular boundaries. They are present in lining of blood vessels, air sacs of lungs.
Cuboidal epithelium is fabricated up of single layered cube-like cells and found in ducts of glands and tubular office of nephron of kidney for absorption and secretion.
Columnar epitheliums are made up of tall and slender cells. The nuclei are located at the base. Free surface may have microvilli constitute in lining of breadbasket and intestine. The ciliated ane are called as ciliated epithelium.
Columnar and cuboidal epithelium specialized for secretion are known as glandular epithelium, which may be unicellular as in goblet cells of gastrointestinal tract or multicellular as in salivary gland.

Endocrine glands	Exocrine glands
Secretes enzymes, milk, fungus, saliva etc. Products are released through ducts.	Exocrine gland secretes hormones. Products are directly released at target sites through blood.

Main function of compound epithelium tissue is to provide protection against chemical and mechanical stress. They encompass the dry out surface of skin, moist surface of buccal cavity, etc.
Epithelial cells are held together by intercellular fabric to form specialized junction.

Connective Tissues: They are most abundant and widely distributed tissues which link and support the other tissues. All connective tissues except claret cells, secrete fibres of structural protein called collagen or elastin to provide elasticity and flexibility.

Loose Connective Tissues contain cells and fibres loosely arranged in semi-fluid ground substance. It includes areolar tissue and adipose tissue.

Areolar Connective Tissue	Adipose Connective Tissue
It contains fibroblast, macrophages and mast cells. It acts as support framework for epithelium.	Fibroblast, macrophages and mast cells are absent-minded. The cells are specialized to store fats beneath the peel.

Dense connective Tissue contains fibres and fibroblast compactly packed. The orientation of fibres may exist regular or irregular design.
In dense regular connective tissues collagen fibres are present in rows between parallel bundles of fibres equally in tendons and ligaments.

Tendon	Ligament
Tendon connects bones to skeletal muscles. It is made up of white fibrous tough tissue.	Ligament connects ane bone to some other bone. It is made up of yellow elastic tissue with collagen fibres.

Cartilage, bones and blood are specialized connective tissue.

Cartilage	Os
They are soft skeletal tissue. Chondriocyctes are enclosed in small cavities with matrix. They are nowadays in tips of nose, outer ear, between vertebral bones.	Basic are hard skeletal tissue. They are rich in Calcium table salt and collagen fibres. They course the skeletal framework of vertebrates like limbs, legs, etc.

Claret is fluid connective tissue containing plasma, blood-red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. It helps in transportation of various substances between organs.

Muscle Tissue

Each muscle is made upwardly of long cylindrical fibres arranged parallel to each other. Fibres are equanimous of fine fibrils called myofibrils. Musculus fibres contract and relax in response to stimulation.

Skeletal	Smooth	Cardiac
They are too known as striated, voluntary muscles. Multinucleated with light and dark bands. They are fastened with bones. They are fibrous and un-branched, cylindrical in shape.	They are known as unstriated or involuntary muscles. They are uninucleate without bands. They are present in vessels, oesophagus. They are fibrous and united nations-branched, spindle shaped.	They are known as heart muscles and involuntary in nature. Uninucleate with faint calorie-free and dark bands. They are present in wall of center. They are fibrous and branched, cylindrical in shape.

Neural Tissue

The unit of measurement of neural system is neuron. Neuroglial cell protects and supports the neuron.
When neuron get stimulated, electrical impulses are generated that travel forth the plasma membrane (axon).

The tissues organize to grade organs which in plow associate to form organ system in multicellular organisms.

Earthworm

Earthworm is carmine brown terrestrial invertebrate that lives in upper layer of moist soil. The common Indian earthworms are Pheretima and Lumbricus.
Earthworms have long cylindrical body divided into segments called metameres. The ventral surface contain genital pore and dorsal surface contain mid dorsal line.
Kickoff trunk segment is called peristomium which contain oral cavity. 14-xvi segments are covered by dark band chosen clitellum.

Single genital pore is present on mid ventral line of 14th segments. A pair of male genital pore is present on 18th segment on ventro-lateral side.
All the segment except 1st , final and clitellum contain S-shaped setae for locomotion.
Alimentary canal is straight tube from 1st to last segment having, buccal crenel, muscular pharynx, oesophagus that leads to gizzards, which assistance in grinding the soil particles and decaying leaves. Tummy and small intestine leads to anus.
Between 26-35 segments, the intestine has an internal median fold called typhlosole. This increases the effective surface area of assimilation in the intestine.
Airtight vascular system consists of center, blood vessels and capillaries. Blood glands are present on the 4th, 5th and sixth segments. They produce blood
cells and haemoglobin which is dissolved in blood plasma.
Earthworms lack respiratory organs and respire through moist skin.
Excretory organs is coiled segmental tubules called nephridia. In that location are three types of nephridia: Septal nephridia, integumentary nephridia and pharyngeal nephridia.
Nervous system is represented by ganglia arranged segmentwise on the ventral
paired nerve cord. The nervus cord in the anterior region (third and 4th segments) bifurcates and joins the cerebral ganglia dorsally to form a nervus ring.
Earthworm is hermaphrodite. 2 pairs of testis is nowadays in tenth and 11th segment. Prostrate and spermatic duct open up to surface as male genital pore on 18th segment.
1 pair of ovaries is attached to the intersegmental septum of 12th and 13th segments. Female genital pore open up on ventral side of 14th segment. Mutual commutation of sperms takes place during mating.

Mature sperms and egg cells along with nutritive materials are deposited in cocoon in the soil where fecundation takes place.
Earthworms are known every bit friends of farmer because they make burrows in soil to make it porous for respiration and root penetration. Earth worms are as well used for vermicomposting and as allurement in game fishing.

Cockroach(Periplaneta americana)

Cockroaches are nocturnal omnivorous organisms that lives in damp places everywhere. The body of cockroach is segmented and divisible into head, thorax and abdomen. The body is covered past hard chitinous exoskeleton.

Head is triangular in shape formed by fusion of half-dozen segments to show flexibility. Head bears compound eyes. Antenna attached on head aid in monitoring the environment.
Thorax consists of three parts- prothorax, mesothorax and metathorax. Forewings and hind wings are attached with thorax. Belly consists of 10 segments.

Male Cockroach	Female person Cockroach
The belly is long and narrow. Brood pouch is absent. Male person have longer antenna. Anal styles are present.	The abdomen is short and broad. Brood pouch is present. Female person have shorter antennae. Anal styles are absent-minded.

Digestive Organization of Cockroach-

Alimentary canal is divided into foregut, midgut and hindgut. Food is stored in crop. Gizzard aid in grinding the food particles.

At the junction of midgut and hindgut yellow coloured filamentous Malpighian tubules are present which assistance in excretion.
Blood vascular organisation is open up blazon having poorly developed blood vessels. The haemolymph is made of colourless plasma and haemocytes.
Respiratory system consists of network of trachea which open up through 10 pairs of spiracles on lateral side.
The nervous organisation of cockroach consists of a series of fused, segmentally arranged ganglia joined past paired longitudinal connectives on the ventral side. Iii ganglia lie in the thorax, and six in the belly. The nervous organisation of cockroach is spread throughout the trunk.
Each chemical compound middle of cockroach consists of about 2000 hexagonal ommatidia.
With the help of several ommatidia, a cockroach can receive several images of an object. This kind of vision is known equally mosaic vision with more than sensitivity but less resolution,
Cockroaches are dioecious. Male person reproductive system consists of a pair of testes one lying on each lateral side in 4th-6th intestinal segments. The female reproductive organisation consists of two big ovaries situated on 2nd -6th abdominal segments.

Male reproductive arrangement / Female reproductive organisation

The fertilized eggs are encased in sheathing called ootheacea. 9 to 10 ootheace are produced by each female.
Cockroaches are pests and destroys the food, contaminate with evil-smelling excreta.

Frog (Rana tigrina)

Frogs are cold-blooded organism having ability to change colours to hibernate from enemies. Body is divisible into caput and trunk, bulged optics covered by nictitating membrane. Male frog is different from female having vocal sacs and copulatory pad on first digit of forelimb.

Digestive organization consists of alimentary canal and digestive glands.

Digestion starts in tum and terminal digestion occurs in minor intestine. Digested nutrient is absorbed past villi and microvilli present in the inner wall of pocket-sized intestine.
Skin acts as aquatic respiratory organs (cutaneous respiration). On lands pare, buccal cavity and lungs acts as respiratory organs.
The vascular organisation of frog is well-developed airtight blazon. Heart is 3-chambered. Blood consist of plasma, RBC, WBC and Platelets.
Frogs have a lymphatic system consisting of lymph, lymph channels and lymph nodes.
The elimination of nitrogenous wastes is carried out by a well developed excretory system. The excretory system consists of a pair of kidneys, ureters, cloaca and urinary bladder. The frog excretes urea and thus is a ureotelic animal.
The system for control and coordination is highly evolved in the frog. It
includes both neural organisation and endocrine glands
Frogs have well organised male and female reproductive systems. Male reproductive organs consist of a pair of yellowish ovoid testes, which are establish adhered to the upper role of kidneys by mesorchium.
The female reproductive organs include a pair of ovaries which are situated
near kidneys.
Fertilisation is external and takes place in water. Development involves a larval stage called tadpole. Polliwog undergoes metamorphosis to grade the adult.

Reproductive systems of frog-

Male person / Female person

Structural Arrangement in Animals class xi Notes

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